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[Music]

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hi I'm dr. Frank summers of the Space

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Telescope Science Institute

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welcome to Hubble's universe unfiltered

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or perhaps I should be saying welcome

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back

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we've been on hatest for several months

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but there's a really good reason why

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we're on hiatus we were working on the

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IMAX film Hubble 3d myself and gentlemen

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behind the camera

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we're heavily involved in creating the

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sequences of Hubble imagery in 3d for

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that film the film came out in March of

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2010 and our work on that film will be

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the subject of some upcoming episodes of

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Hubble's universe unfiltered for today's

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episode I'd like to talk about another

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special event that we had this spring

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Hubble's 20th anniversary this image

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shows you April 24th 1990 the launch of

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the space shuttle Discovery carrying

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Hubble a lot into space and on this

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service shuttle mission put Hubble into

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orbit into its platform from which it

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observes the universe it has been up for

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20 years now taking an incredible number

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of observations so how does one

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celebrate 20 years of such an amazing

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telescope well I was asked to come up

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with 20 images to sort of show the

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breadth and depth of what Hubble has

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done over over its observing history and

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the first idea was to come up with all

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the most scientific interesting images

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well the most scientifically significant

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images oftentimes aren't the most

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beautiful images and it often takes an

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entire episode of this video podcast in

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order to explain why these images are so

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significant the other idea would be then

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to go for the most beautiful images well

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then you tend to look only at the later

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part of Hubble's life when we had the

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newer instruments on Hubble and you sort

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of ignore the early parts of Hubble's

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observations so what we ended up coming

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up

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is sort of a combination of those images

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that cover the full 20 years of Hubble

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that cover all of the different subjects

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that Hubble has looked at from planets

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to stars to nebulae to galaxies and one

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that sort of covers the breadth of how

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much we've done in terms of science and

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significance as well as beauty now

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there's something that I had to get out

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of the way right away is that after

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Hubble was put into orbit there was the

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flaw on the mirror and it's sort of a

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mythos that Hubble was unusable for the

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first few years until that flaw was

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corrected that's not true and you can

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see in this image of a double star that

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Hubble did provide advantages during its

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first few years on this side you see a

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double star as observed from the ground

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and you can see here that it's really

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just one blob and the two stars are

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merged together

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that's because from the ground we have

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the atmosphere in between us which

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limits our resolution to about one

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arcsecond

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on the other side we have Hubble's

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observation of the exact same double

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star and you can see that although the

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stars aren't the perfect little

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pinpoints we want them to be you can

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resolve the two stars even with the flaw

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on the mirror Hubble had finer

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resolution than any telescope from the

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ground so Hubble was able to do good

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science for the first three years before

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it was repaired and as one example from

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1992 is this image of the galaxy Messier

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87 now Messier 87 is a giant optical

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galaxy contains you know hundreds of

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billions of stars maybe even a trillion

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stars and at its core is a very bright

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source that we believe to be a super

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massive black hole this is a matte black

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hole with many perhaps even a billion

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solar masses a billion times the mass of

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our Sun in a black hole and with all the

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materials swirling around it and all the

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energy of that supermassive black hole

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it is spewing out this incredibly jet of

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radiation from that supermassive black

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hole and Hubble was able to take a

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highly resolved view of that super matte

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of that jet in galaxies

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Messier 87 well in 1993 we did have

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servicing mission one and the astronauts

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went up and this picture is of them

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either taking out Wide Field Camera one

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or putting in wide field planetary

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camera - that's kind of hard to tell

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because they look pretty much exactly

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alike wide field planetary camera - had

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the correction for the flaw in the

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mirror already built into it the

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astronauts also put in an instrument

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called co-star which had basically

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eyeglasses for the other instruments and

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that gave Hubble back the resolution was

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supposed to have so this next image is I

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sometimes jokingly call the most

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important Hubble image ever because this

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shows you that the repair was successful

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on this side we see an image from wide

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field planetary camera one of the core

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of the galaxy Messier 100 and you can

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see the structure in there but you can't

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see all the fine details on this side we

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see the image from wide field planetary

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camera - which had the correction and

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you can see voila all of the incredible

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details this is the fine detail for

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which the Hubble images are really known

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and sort of crispness that characterizes

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all the Hubble images you've seen over

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the decades so this image really said to

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the astronomical community yes

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Hubble is achieving its design

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specifications and from there on it was

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able to do the science that we

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originally hoped it would do so here

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come a slew of images but actually there

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was a wonderful case of serendipity in

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1994 because in 1993 comet

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shoemaker-levy 9 went into orbit around

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Jupiter and it broke up into 20 or 30

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pieces and it was calculated to hit

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Jupiter in July of 1994 it was a very

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nice comment because it waited until

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Hubble had been repaired

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so that Hubble could take gorgeous and

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highly detailed images of impact sites

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you see those impact sites here in the

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lower part of Jupiter and in visible

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light they show up as basically big

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brown clouds in its atmosphere

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in ultraviolet light on this side you

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can see that the holes in Jupiter's

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atmosphere are actually much larger and

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it's important that ultraviolet light is

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not viewable from the ground I know you

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think you get lots of ultraviolet light

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when you get suntan most of the

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ultraviolet light is absorbed by Earth's

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atmosphere so to do astronomical

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observations of ultraviolet light you

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must get up into space and Hubble's

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platform in space allowed it to view

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these impact site in ultraviolet and see

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the real detail by the way this is not

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an impact site this is just the shadow

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of one of Jupiter's moons going across

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the surface of Jupiter

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well 1995 was a watershed image that

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came out called the pillars in the Eagle

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Nebula some people call this the pillars

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of creation and what's going on here is

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that there is dense gas inside these

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pillars that is being illuminated by

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some bright stars that are up here

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matter of fact the high-energy radiation

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from those bright stars and winds from

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those stars are sweeping across this

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region blowing away all the low-density

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gas leaving the high-density gas in

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these pillars and this gas is such high

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density that stars are forming and you

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can see at the top of this tallest

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pillar that there are little fingers

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here and that is where individual stars

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are forming this image really you know

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captured people's imagination and is

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perhaps the most famous of all of the

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Hubble images 1996 we captured this

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amazing image this is of the dying star

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a de Carina now the star is deeply

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embedded in here and what you see more

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is the lobes of gas that have been blown

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out from the star during its death

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throes this star is believed to be a

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hundred to 150 times the mass of our Sun

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and sometime in the next million to ten

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million years we expect this star will

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explode it will go as a supernova and to

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basically blow its guts across space so

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this is a star in its preliminary depth

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for

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well 1997 was the year of our second

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servicing mission to Hubble and in terms

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of imaging we put in two brand-new

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instruments the near infrared camera

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multi-object spectrograph which we

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usually just call Nick Moss that was an

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infrared camera and the Space Telescope

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imaging spectrograph which we usually

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call stiffs which had both ultraviolet

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and visible-light coverage but was

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especially sensitive in the ultraviolet

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that ultraviolet capability showed up

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the next year in this image of Saturn

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this is an ultraviolet image of Saturn

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and in particular of the Aurora on

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Saturn now you got to recognize that

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Saturn is about ten times farther away

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from the Sun than Earth is and so the

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solar wind is expected to be about 1/100

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the density it is at earth so we did not

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expect that the solar wind will be

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strong enough to produce a lot of Aurora

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on Saturn however when we look at these

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images the power in Saturn's Aurora as

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well as the changes in Saturn's roar

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surprised us as astronomers and using

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ultraviolet capabilities of Hubble we're

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able to study that in 1999 we got this

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wonderful image of a globular cluster

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now a globular cluster is a dense

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collection of stars this one has about

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50,000 stars its name is Messier 80 and

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all of these stars are orbiting around

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one another it's important to have high

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resolution when you are studying

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globular clusters because you see at the

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center of this image it sort of blown

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out it's all white you can't make out

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individual stars

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well that's true in all globular

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clusters that they're all very dense

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than the core and Hubble's high

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resolution allows us to look deeper into

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the core of globular clusters than any

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other telescopes its high resolution

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allows a more detailed studies of

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globular clusters closer into the center

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that's what Hubble provides for globular

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clusters and also in 1999 we got an

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image of the ring nebula now this is

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sort of the characteristic one of the

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10th

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ideas of a planetary nebula now

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planetary nebula is actually a misnomer

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it has nothing to do with planets what

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it really is is a dying star a star

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about the mass of the Sun are actually a

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little bit more massive than the Sun

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dies by blowing off its outer layers

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into space forming a gorgeous nebula

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that we call a planetary nebula and

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you've got the stellar remnant of the

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core and the beautiful gas around it and

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if I had to choose one set of images of

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one type of planetary object it would be

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planetary nebula because Hubble has 20

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or 30 gorgeous images of planetary

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nebula and this is prototypical of it

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well in December 1999 we had servicing

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mission 3a what had happened was that

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the gyroscopes on Hubble had failed

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Hubble could no longer point and we had

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to send up a servicing mission to

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restore Hubble to its scientific

279
00:12:07,860 --> 00:12:05,860
capabilities however servicing mission

280
00:12:10,440 --> 00:12:07,870
3a did not add any new imaging

281
00:12:13,530 --> 00:12:10,450
capabilities it just got Hubble back

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into doing scientific observations so in

283
00:12:19,070 --> 00:12:16,630
2001 released this image which you could

284
00:12:22,850 --> 00:12:19,080
definitely refer to as a Space Oddity

285
00:12:25,260 --> 00:12:22,860
this is an image of a gravitational lens

286
00:12:28,800 --> 00:12:25,270
what's going on here is this is the

287
00:12:31,380 --> 00:12:28,810
galaxy cluster Abell 22-18 and there are

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00:12:34,170 --> 00:12:31,390
hundreds of thousands of galaxies here

289
00:12:38,640 --> 00:12:34,180
and the combined mass of all these

290
00:12:41,400 --> 00:12:38,650
galaxies warps space via Einstein's

291
00:12:44,280 --> 00:12:41,410
theory of general relativity mass warps

292
00:12:47,190 --> 00:12:44,290
space and this cluster has enough mass

293
00:12:49,740 --> 00:12:47,200
to warp the space such that the galaxies

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00:12:51,480 --> 00:12:49,750
that are located beyond it as their

295
00:12:54,570 --> 00:12:51,490
light passes through this warp space

296
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their images become stretched out and

297
00:12:59,760 --> 00:12:56,740
these become these gravitationally

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00:13:04,380 --> 00:12:59,770
lensed arcs that you see all across this

299
00:13:06,000 --> 00:13:04,390
image Hubble is a very important tool

300
00:13:08,730 --> 00:13:06,010
for studying gravitational lenses

301
00:13:11,220 --> 00:13:08,740
because it's high resolution can see

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00:13:15,540 --> 00:13:11,230
these small thin and sometimes very

303
00:13:18,690 --> 00:13:15,550
faint gravitationally lensed arcs also

304
00:13:20,599 --> 00:13:18,700
in 2001 we had a another serendipitous

305
00:13:24,899 --> 00:13:20,609
event here in the solar system

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00:13:28,679 --> 00:13:24,909
this is how Mars looked in June of 2001

307
00:13:31,199 --> 00:13:28,689
and you know it's a fine picture of Mars

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00:13:33,689 --> 00:13:31,209
and Hubble is able to sort of monitor

309
00:13:35,699 --> 00:13:33,699
Mars and monitor the other planets and

310
00:13:38,219 --> 00:13:35,709
watch what happens on them and in

311
00:13:41,159 --> 00:13:38,229
September of 2001

312
00:13:45,059 --> 00:13:41,169
a dust storm that had started down in

313
00:13:47,699 --> 00:13:45,069
the Hellas Basin became global this is a

314
00:13:50,489 --> 00:13:47,709
global dust storm on Mars which we had

315
00:13:52,829 --> 00:13:50,499
seen at other times in Mars but Hubble

316
00:13:55,349 --> 00:13:52,839
from its perch above the atmosphere is

317
00:13:57,419 --> 00:13:55,359
able to get clear images of Mars and

318
00:14:01,339 --> 00:13:57,429
able to monitor it over the years and

319
00:14:05,219 --> 00:14:01,349
catch these events as they happen in

320
00:14:06,989 --> 00:14:05,229
2002 we had servicing mission 3b as I

321
00:14:08,369 --> 00:14:06,999
said servicing mission 3a was just the

322
00:14:11,249 --> 00:14:08,379
technical part of the servicing mission

323
00:14:12,929 --> 00:14:11,259
servicing mission 3b we put in a new

324
00:14:15,629 --> 00:14:12,939
camera called the advanced camera for

325
00:14:18,329 --> 00:14:15,639
surveys now wide field planetary camera

326
00:14:21,209 --> 00:14:18,339
2 that had been the workhorse camera on

327
00:14:24,419 --> 00:14:21,219
Hubble had a resolution of one tenth of

328
00:14:27,210 --> 00:14:24,429
an arc second and ACS has a resolution

329
00:14:28,739 --> 00:14:27,220
one twentieth of an arc second so we had

330
00:14:32,489 --> 00:14:28,749
twice the resolution with this new

331
00:14:35,039 --> 00:14:32,499
camera and it covered much larger has 16

332
00:14:36,869 --> 00:14:35,049
megapixels in the camera so we had a

333
00:14:38,909 --> 00:14:36,879
great increase in the imaging

334
00:14:41,699 --> 00:14:38,919
capabilities of Hubble after servicing

335
00:14:44,699 --> 00:14:41,709
mission 3b and one of the first images

336
00:14:47,059 --> 00:14:44,709
we released was this image of the

337
00:14:49,589 --> 00:14:47,069
interacting galaxies called the mice

338
00:14:51,539 --> 00:14:49,599
what you're seeing here are two galaxies

339
00:14:53,489 --> 00:14:51,549
that have come into each other's

340
00:14:55,619 --> 00:14:53,499
gravitational influence and have started

341
00:14:57,329 --> 00:14:55,629
to interact and created these big long

342
00:14:59,549 --> 00:14:57,339
tidal tails that stretch off this side

343
00:15:02,129 --> 00:14:59,559
and stretch off this side and the two

344
00:15:04,619 --> 00:15:02,139
cores of the galaxies here in the center

345
00:15:07,289 --> 00:15:04,629
these two galaxies will eventually merge

346
00:15:09,329 --> 00:15:07,299
together and Hubble will be able to see

347
00:15:11,519 --> 00:15:09,339
all the can see all the details deep

348
00:15:16,679 --> 00:15:11,529
down into the cores of these two merging

349
00:15:19,349 --> 00:15:16,689
galaxies in 2003 we got enough image of

350
00:15:21,779 --> 00:15:19,359
a more regular galaxy this is a

351
00:15:24,869 --> 00:15:21,789
lenticular galaxy called the sombrero

352
00:15:26,429 --> 00:15:24,879
galaxy and it has sort of a disc here

353
00:15:28,949 --> 00:15:26,439
that this characteristic of spiral

354
00:15:31,649 --> 00:15:28,959
galaxies but it also has this great big

355
00:15:34,019 --> 00:15:31,659
bulge of stars that's characteristic of

356
00:15:34,410 --> 00:15:34,029
elliptical galaxies those the two

357
00:15:36,810 --> 00:15:34,420
character

358
00:15:39,360 --> 00:15:36,820
Avalon ticular galaxy that it has the

359
00:15:42,090 --> 00:15:39,370
disk like a spiral and the bolt like an

360
00:15:44,310 --> 00:15:42,100
elliptical and what this image marks for

361
00:15:46,829 --> 00:15:44,320
me is really the movement towards

362
00:15:48,810 --> 00:15:46,839
getting large mosaics of Hubble images

363
00:15:51,720 --> 00:15:48,820
because although we're showing you about

364
00:15:54,269 --> 00:15:51,730
one megapixel here in total there's

365
00:15:57,030 --> 00:15:54,279
about 70 million pixels in this image

366
00:15:59,160 --> 00:15:57,040
this is several pointings of Hubble put

367
00:16:01,350 --> 00:15:59,170
together to create a large mosaic of

368
00:16:05,780 --> 00:16:01,360
this image and these would become much

369
00:16:07,620 --> 00:16:05,790
more prevalent as the years go on now in

370
00:16:09,660 --> 00:16:07,630
2004 we got one of the most

371
00:16:11,420 --> 00:16:09,670
scientifically significant images ever

372
00:16:15,090 --> 00:16:11,430
taken with the Hubble Space Telescope

373
00:16:17,550 --> 00:16:15,100
this is the Hubble Ultra Deep Field and

374
00:16:19,920 --> 00:16:17,560
in it you can see thousands upon

375
00:16:22,379 --> 00:16:19,930
thousands of galaxies there are a few

376
00:16:24,480 --> 00:16:22,389
stars you can see one here and one here

377
00:16:26,970 --> 00:16:24,490
they have the spikes the diffraction

378
00:16:30,930 --> 00:16:26,980
spikes on them but most everything you

379
00:16:32,879 --> 00:16:30,940
see in this image is a galaxy and well

380
00:16:35,639 --> 00:16:32,889
we've got the the big galaxies that look

381
00:16:38,430 --> 00:16:35,649
sort of like our normal galaxies but if

382
00:16:41,069 --> 00:16:38,440
we zoom into this image we can go in

383
00:16:43,920 --> 00:16:41,079
until we see go past all those big

384
00:16:46,590 --> 00:16:43,930
galaxies until we see these fine small

385
00:16:49,050 --> 00:16:46,600
galaxies and really what we want to end

386
00:16:52,920 --> 00:16:49,060
up looking at is a galaxy like this

387
00:16:57,240 --> 00:16:52,930
right here it's really just a small red

388
00:17:00,170 --> 00:16:57,250
dot this galaxy is about 10 or 11 or

389
00:17:03,509 --> 00:17:00,180
maybe even 12 billion light years away

390
00:17:06,630 --> 00:17:03,519
we're seeing galaxies all the way across

391
00:17:09,179 --> 00:17:06,640
the universe in this image and that's

392
00:17:12,750 --> 00:17:09,189
what makes the whole image so important

393
00:17:15,299 --> 00:17:12,760
that as we look at this image we're

394
00:17:18,240 --> 00:17:15,309
seeing galaxies throughout the universe

395
00:17:22,079 --> 00:17:18,250
out to ten to twelve billion light-years

396
00:17:24,210 --> 00:17:22,089
away from us and because they are 12

397
00:17:26,130 --> 00:17:24,220
billion light years away the light from

398
00:17:28,680 --> 00:17:26,140
those galaxies takes about 12 billion

399
00:17:30,539 --> 00:17:28,690
years to reach us so we're seeing these

400
00:17:36,240 --> 00:17:30,549
galaxies not as they are today

401
00:17:38,580 --> 00:17:36,250
but as they were 12 billion years ago we

402
00:17:40,680 --> 00:17:38,590
are seeing galaxies across the space of

403
00:17:42,919 --> 00:17:40,690
the universe but we're also seeing

404
00:17:47,330 --> 00:17:42,929
galaxies across the time of the universe

405
00:17:52,430 --> 00:17:47,340
this one image gives us a history of

406
00:17:56,180 --> 00:17:52,440
Alexei's throughout the universe in 2005

407
00:17:58,130 --> 00:17:56,190
we got what I gotta say is my favorite

408
00:18:01,280 --> 00:17:58,140
image of a galaxy that we've ever ever

409
00:18:03,610 --> 00:18:01,290
taken this is the Whirlpool Galaxy and

410
00:18:06,920 --> 00:18:03,620
it's a classic grand design spiral

411
00:18:10,370 --> 00:18:06,930
galaxy you see the wonderful spiral arms

412
00:18:12,140 --> 00:18:10,380
now again this is a mosaic image it

413
00:18:13,880 --> 00:18:12,150
contains about a hundred million pixels

414
00:18:16,580 --> 00:18:13,890
much more resolution than you can see on

415
00:18:18,860 --> 00:18:16,590
this monitor and every single one of

416
00:18:21,500 --> 00:18:18,870
these pink regions that dot the entire

417
00:18:23,750 --> 00:18:21,510
spiral structure of the galaxy is a star

418
00:18:25,520 --> 00:18:23,760
forming region and you have to recognize

419
00:18:28,010 --> 00:18:25,530
that all of these star forming regions

420
00:18:29,990 --> 00:18:28,020
have thousands to tens of thousands of

421
00:18:31,790 --> 00:18:30,000
stars that have formed in them and when

422
00:18:34,190 --> 00:18:31,800
you start to go in detail and see all of

423
00:18:36,080 --> 00:18:34,200
the star from regions across the spiral

424
00:18:38,360 --> 00:18:36,090
structure you can really start to

425
00:18:41,690 --> 00:18:38,370
comprehend that galaxies really are made

426
00:18:44,330 --> 00:18:41,700
up of hundreds of billions of stars I

427
00:18:46,040 --> 00:18:44,340
really love this image because it really

428
00:18:49,030 --> 00:18:46,050
shows you the structure of a spiral

429
00:18:52,160 --> 00:18:49,040
galaxy and it shows you the scale of

430
00:18:53,990 --> 00:18:52,170
galaxies out there in the universe of

431
00:18:56,360 --> 00:18:54,000
course we kept coming out with really

432
00:18:59,660 --> 00:18:56,370
other fantastic images and another one

433
00:19:01,430 --> 00:18:59,670
of my favorites is the Crab Nebula now

434
00:19:03,110 --> 00:19:01,440
previously we showed you a de Carina

435
00:19:06,710 --> 00:19:03,120
which was a star that's about to go

436
00:19:08,990 --> 00:19:06,720
explode well this is a star that has

437
00:19:11,090 --> 00:19:09,000
exploded this was a star that was

438
00:19:13,850 --> 00:19:11,100
observed about a thousand years ago to

439
00:19:15,260 --> 00:19:13,860
explode and this is the nebula created

440
00:19:17,570 --> 00:19:15,270
from the explosion when the car just

441
00:19:20,090 --> 00:19:17,580
basically blows its guts across space

442
00:19:22,550 --> 00:19:20,100
and this is a thousand years later as

443
00:19:24,860 --> 00:19:22,560
the remnants of the star have spread out

444
00:19:26,690 --> 00:19:24,870
across space and I got to say these

445
00:19:29,870 --> 00:19:26,700
remnants are moving at millions of miles

446
00:19:33,230 --> 00:19:29,880
an hour to create what we call the Crab

447
00:19:35,600 --> 00:19:33,240
Nebula and I gotta say the hits keep on

448
00:19:37,150 --> 00:19:35,610
coming at this time because the next

449
00:19:39,680 --> 00:19:37,160
image I have to show you is another

450
00:19:42,980 --> 00:19:39,690
fantastic image the image of the Orion

451
00:19:45,350 --> 00:19:42,990
Nebula this is our really large mosaic I

452
00:19:48,140 --> 00:19:45,360
think at full resolution we approach a

453
00:19:49,970 --> 00:19:48,150
billion pixels in this image and this is

454
00:19:51,590 --> 00:19:49,980
perhaps our most detailed and

455
00:19:55,160 --> 00:19:51,600
spectacular image of a star-forming

456
00:19:58,310 --> 00:19:55,170
region simply because the Orion Nebula

457
00:20:01,100 --> 00:19:58,320
is the nearest of the large star forming

458
00:20:03,200 --> 00:20:01,110
regions and so deep down in here we

459
00:20:05,240 --> 00:20:03,210
can see the stars that have just formed

460
00:20:08,480 --> 00:20:05,250
the stars in here are about two million

461
00:20:10,220 --> 00:20:08,490
years old we could also see the dust the

462
00:20:12,230 --> 00:20:10,230
disks of material around these newborn

463
00:20:16,039 --> 00:20:12,240
stars where planets will be forming we

464
00:20:18,650 --> 00:20:16,049
have an incredible view of how stars and

465
00:20:23,960 --> 00:20:18,660
planets form by studying this image of

466
00:20:26,030 --> 00:20:23,970
the Orion Nebula well in 2007 we got

467
00:20:27,890 --> 00:20:26,040
another gorgeous image of a star-forming

468
00:20:30,049 --> 00:20:27,900
region but this one's at a slightly

469
00:20:31,789 --> 00:20:30,059
different stage than the Orion Nebula in

470
00:20:36,380 --> 00:20:31,799
the Orion Nebula there was still

471
00:20:38,750 --> 00:20:36,390
surrounded by its gas in NGC 602 we have

472
00:20:42,230 --> 00:20:38,760
the star cluster here but it's already

473
00:20:44,210 --> 00:20:42,240
eaten away most of the nebula they form

474
00:20:45,980 --> 00:20:44,220
the pillars that you saw before in the

475
00:20:49,820 --> 00:20:45,990
Eagle Nebula you can see the pillars up

476
00:20:53,030 --> 00:20:49,830
here and down here that that created by

477
00:20:57,320 --> 00:20:53,040
the energy and the winds from these

478
00:21:00,260 --> 00:20:57,330
bright stars in this cluster now in 2008

479
00:21:01,669 --> 00:21:00,270
we had a opportunity to see something

480
00:21:05,870 --> 00:21:01,679
we've never seen before in the solar

481
00:21:08,320 --> 00:21:05,880
system we saw three red spots on Jupiter

482
00:21:11,630 --> 00:21:08,330
now we've seen the great red spot for

483
00:21:13,010 --> 00:21:11,640
continuously since about 1820 actually

484
00:21:16,159 --> 00:21:13,020
we might have even seen it as early as

485
00:21:18,440 --> 00:21:16,169
1670 but we're not quite sure early in

486
00:21:20,990 --> 00:21:18,450
the 2000s we saw the formation of red

487
00:21:23,600 --> 00:21:21,000
spot jr. and this is the first time

488
00:21:27,680 --> 00:21:23,610
we've ever seen a red spot form on the

489
00:21:30,169 --> 00:21:27,690
planet and in May of 2008 we saw the

490
00:21:33,350 --> 00:21:30,179
formation of what we call the baby red

491
00:21:35,990 --> 00:21:33,360
spot so first time in history we saw

492
00:21:39,169 --> 00:21:36,000
three red spots on the surface of

493
00:21:41,330 --> 00:21:39,179
Jupiter unfortunately this didn't happen

494
00:21:44,330 --> 00:21:41,340
this didn't last for very long because

495
00:21:47,120 --> 00:21:44,340
over the course of 2008 we followed it

496
00:21:49,549 --> 00:21:47,130
and you can see that baby red spot is on

497
00:21:51,710 --> 00:21:49,559
the same latitude as the great red spot

498
00:21:54,140 --> 00:21:51,720
and over the course of that summer

499
00:21:56,960 --> 00:21:54,150
interacted with it and eventually broke

500
00:21:59,720 --> 00:21:56,970
up and no longer was a red spot at the

501
00:22:02,720 --> 00:21:59,730
end so Hubble was able to follow the

502
00:22:06,830 --> 00:22:02,730
formation and ultimately the destruction

503
00:22:09,500 --> 00:22:06,840
of the baby Red Spot on Jupiter well in

504
00:22:10,700 --> 00:22:09,510
2009 Servicing magician for finally

505
00:22:13,130 --> 00:22:10,710
happened this was something that was

506
00:22:14,570 --> 00:22:13,140
scheduled for several years earlier but

507
00:22:15,560 --> 00:22:14,580
due to this

508
00:22:18,590 --> 00:22:15,570
accident of the space shuttle Columbia

509
00:22:21,500 --> 00:22:18,600
was delayed for several years but in May

510
00:22:23,840 --> 00:22:21,510
2009 we have this image of astronaut

511
00:22:28,190 --> 00:22:23,850
drew boy still working on his very first

512
00:22:30,560 --> 00:22:28,200
spacewalk and in during the during

513
00:22:32,090 --> 00:22:30,570
servicing mission for we installed two

514
00:22:35,510 --> 00:22:32,100
brand new instruments Wide Field Camera

515
00:22:38,870 --> 00:22:35,520
3 and the cosmic origins spectrograph to

516
00:22:40,820 --> 00:22:38,880
add to Hubble's capabilities the early

517
00:22:43,550 --> 00:22:40,830
riess observations were absolutely

518
00:22:45,380 --> 00:22:43,560
spectacular this was one of the first

519
00:22:48,380 --> 00:22:45,390
early Rees observations a planetary

520
00:22:49,970 --> 00:22:48,390
nebula called the bug nebula although in

521
00:22:51,920 --> 00:22:49,980
our press release we refer to it as the

522
00:22:54,050 --> 00:22:51,930
butterfly nebula and that name seems to

523
00:22:55,760 --> 00:22:54,060
a stick it really does fit because it

524
00:22:57,770 --> 00:22:55,770
does look like a butterfly these are

525
00:23:00,110 --> 00:22:57,780
actually hourglass shape lobes of

526
00:23:03,410 --> 00:23:00,120
material streaming away from the dying

527
00:23:05,360 --> 00:23:03,420
star at its center absolutely gorgeous

528
00:23:08,240 --> 00:23:05,370
shows that Hubble is back in business

529
00:23:10,010 --> 00:23:08,250
but this image also from the

530
00:23:12,740 --> 00:23:10,020
early-release observations of the

531
00:23:15,470 --> 00:23:12,750
central regions of omega centauri shows

532
00:23:18,230 --> 00:23:15,480
off the new capabilities this is a

533
00:23:20,270 --> 00:23:18,240
combined infrared and ultraviolet image

534
00:23:23,210 --> 00:23:20,280
there's actually no visible light in

535
00:23:25,520 --> 00:23:23,220
this image the red stars are the stars

536
00:23:27,560 --> 00:23:25,530
that shine bright in infrared and the

537
00:23:30,020 --> 00:23:27,570
blue stars of the stars that shine

538
00:23:31,760 --> 00:23:30,030
bright in the ultraviolet and we can

539
00:23:34,820 --> 00:23:31,770
pick out sort of the extremes of

540
00:23:37,510 --> 00:23:34,830
temperatures within omega sin with our

541
00:23:42,410 --> 00:23:37,520
new capabilities of Wide Field Camera 3

542
00:23:45,320 --> 00:23:42,420
so that is 19 years of hull imagery and

543
00:23:47,420 --> 00:23:45,330
for the 20th anniversary we had to come

544
00:23:48,890 --> 00:23:47,430
up with something spectacular we had to

545
00:23:51,110 --> 00:23:48,900
say all right how are we really gonna

546
00:23:52,970 --> 00:23:51,120
celebrate this but we've got so much

547
00:23:55,600 --> 00:23:52,980
gorgeous imagery could we really come up

548
00:23:59,900 --> 00:23:55,610
with something really spectacular I

549
00:24:02,990 --> 00:23:59,910
happen to think that yes he did this is

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00:24:06,650 --> 00:24:03,000
our 20th anniversary image a pillar in

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00:24:09,620 --> 00:24:06,660
the Carina Nebula now this is like the

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00:24:11,660 --> 00:24:09,630
pillar in eel nebula in that the pillars

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00:24:13,820 --> 00:24:11,670
are being carved out by those

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00:24:16,550 --> 00:24:13,830
high-energy radiation and winds from

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00:24:20,690 --> 00:24:16,560
bright stars but it's absolutely a

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00:24:24,470 --> 00:24:20,700
gorgeous gorgeous view of a pillar in

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00:24:26,500 --> 00:24:24,480
Carina and it includes at the top of

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00:24:28,250 --> 00:24:26,510
this pillar and the top of this pillar

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00:24:31,520 --> 00:24:28,260
jets from Nouveau

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00:24:33,380 --> 00:24:31,530
stars when stars first turn on they send

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00:24:35,660 --> 00:24:33,390
out these oppositely directed Jets that

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00:24:37,760 --> 00:24:35,670
spew out and announce their birth where

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00:24:39,860 --> 00:24:37,770
you can see them a star has just formed

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00:24:42,170 --> 00:24:39,870
the top of this pillar and one that has

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00:24:45,530 --> 00:24:42,180
formed at the top of this pillar this is

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an incredible image and having learned

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00:24:50,180 --> 00:24:47,370
what we did in creating the imax film

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00:24:55,160 --> 00:24:50,190
Hubble 3d we were able to put this one

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into 3d motion this in this animation

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00:24:59,090 --> 00:24:57,120
what we've done is we've taken the

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00:25:01,100 --> 00:24:59,100
pillars and Carina Nebula we've

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00:25:03,860 --> 00:25:01,110
separated out layers of stars we've

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00:25:06,800 --> 00:25:03,870
separated out layers of the pillar and

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00:25:09,500 --> 00:25:06,810
we have pulled them into a 3d program

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00:25:12,500 --> 00:25:09,510
and allowed us to fly through it in 3d

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00:25:14,630 --> 00:25:12,510
to give you a sort of 3d feel now this

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00:25:17,120 --> 00:25:14,640
is not scientifically accurate but it

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00:25:23,870 --> 00:25:17,130
gives you a 3d feel for the structure of

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00:25:30,740 --> 00:25:27,799
so that's it that's 20 images for 20

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00:25:33,710 --> 00:25:30,750
years of Hubble now 20 images is

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00:25:36,140 --> 00:25:33,720
relatively small because Hubble has

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00:25:38,150 --> 00:25:36,150
actually released of over a thousand

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00:25:40,400 --> 00:25:38,160
public release images it's taken nearly

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00:25:43,190 --> 00:25:40,410
a million observations we have released

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00:25:46,220 --> 00:25:43,200
over a thousand public release images

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00:25:48,890 --> 00:25:46,230
and here is April almost mind-boggling

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00:25:50,840 --> 00:25:48,900
montage of Hubble images so if I didn't

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00:25:54,529 --> 00:25:50,850
cover your favorite one perhaps you can

589
00:25:57,320 --> 00:25:54,539
see it in this montage I'd like to

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00:25:59,630 --> 00:25:57,330
finish with one last image this is a

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00:26:02,419 --> 00:25:59,640
sort of poetic image of Hubble hanging

592
00:26:04,130 --> 00:26:02,429
over the limb of Earth but this this

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00:26:06,500 --> 00:26:04,140
image has even a little bit more meaning

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00:26:09,140 --> 00:26:06,510
to us because this is the last image

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00:26:11,360 --> 00:26:09,150
from servicing mission 4 and servicing

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00:26:12,890 --> 00:26:11,370
mission 4 is the last shuttle mission to

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00:26:15,529 --> 00:26:12,900
Hubble simply because the shuttle

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00:26:18,770 --> 00:26:15,539
program is ending so this is sort of the

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00:26:21,409 --> 00:26:18,780
the last view that humans had of the

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00:26:23,600 --> 00:26:21,419
Hubble Space Telescope now you can see

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00:26:27,049 --> 00:26:23,610
that Hubble is really just above Earth's

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00:26:28,460 --> 00:26:27,059
atmosphere and as an astronomer early on

603
00:26:30,500 --> 00:26:28,470
I thought that putting Hubble in

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00:26:32,090 --> 00:26:30,510
low-earth orbit was a problem because

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00:26:35,029 --> 00:26:32,100
you've got the earth there you've got

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00:26:37,520 --> 00:26:35,039
the Van Allen belts radiation around it

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00:26:39,169 --> 00:26:37,530
you're going from day to night every 90

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00:26:41,320 --> 00:26:39,179
minutes it really causes a lot of

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00:26:44,930 --> 00:26:41,330
problems for astronomical observations

610
00:26:47,090 --> 00:26:44,940
however having Hubble in low-earth orbit

611
00:26:50,480 --> 00:26:47,100
and being able to send shuttle missions

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00:26:53,899 --> 00:26:50,490
up to repair it has enabled Hubble to

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00:26:56,240 --> 00:26:53,909
stay current we are able to take out the

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00:26:59,210 --> 00:26:56,250
old instruments and put in new

615
00:27:02,419 --> 00:26:59,220
technology which keeps Hubble current

616
00:27:04,659 --> 00:27:02,429
one I mean you've seen the changes in

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00:27:07,970 --> 00:27:04,669
this episode of the Hubble observations

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00:27:11,090 --> 00:27:07,980
but it also provides changes in what

619
00:27:13,340 --> 00:27:11,100
Hubble can study Hubble has made

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00:27:17,270 --> 00:27:13,350
significant contributions to the study

621
00:27:19,460 --> 00:27:17,280
of dark energy when we had no idea that

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00:27:21,500 --> 00:27:19,470
that scientific problem was even going

623
00:27:24,649 --> 00:27:21,510
to be around woodhull was on the drawing

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00:27:27,049 --> 00:27:24,659
board changing out the instruments has

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00:27:29,390 --> 00:27:27,059
enabled Howell to not only increase its

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00:27:31,570 --> 00:27:29,400
vision of the universe but also to

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00:27:34,430 --> 00:27:31,580
increase the number of scientific

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00:27:36,649 --> 00:27:34,440
capable scientific questions that Hubble

629
00:27:37,670 --> 00:27:36,659
can answer and that is one of its

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00:27:40,700 --> 00:27:37,680
legacies

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00:27:44,240 --> 00:27:40,710
an orbiting observatory can change and

632
00:27:47,720 --> 00:27:44,250
adapt and address brand new problems

633
00:27:49,060 --> 00:27:47,730
over its 20 years and of course Hubble

634
00:27:51,530 --> 00:27:49,070
is not finished yet

635
00:27:53,870 --> 00:27:51,540
after servicing mission 4 is in

636
00:27:55,040 --> 00:27:53,880
wonderful condition we expect it to last

637
00:27:57,680 --> 00:27:55,050
for another 10 years

638
00:27:59,900 --> 00:27:57,690
who knows maybe more and how we'll be

639
00:28:02,480 --> 00:27:59,910
able to lure a lot more beautiful images

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00:28:03,550 --> 00:28:02,490
and a lot more cutting-edge science for

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00:28:06,080 --> 00:28:03,560
years to come

642
00:28:07,610 --> 00:28:06,090
thank you for joining us we'll see you

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00:28:09,540 --> 00:28:07,620
next time on Hubble's universe